Linux commands to display the lists of files and directories
ls command with options
godarda@gd:~$ ls a.out GD.class GD.java Desktop Downloads Pictures Templates Weekdays gd.c gd.csv gd.py Documents Music Public Videos godarda@gd:~$ ls -a . gd.csv .mozilla .ssh .. GD.java Music .sudo_as_admin_successful a.out gd.py Pictures Templates .bash_history Desktop .pki .theano .bundle Documents Public Videos .cache Downloads .python_history Weekdays .config .gnupg .r gd.c .keras .Rhistory GD.class .local .rstudio-desktop godarda@gd:~$ ls -A a.out gd.csv .keras .python_history .theano .bash_history GD.java .local .r Videos .bundle gd.py .mozilla .Rhistory Weekdays .cache Desktop Music .rstudio-desktop .config Documents Pictures .ssh gd.c Downloads .pki .sudo_as_admin_successful GD.class .gnupg Public Templates godarda@gd:~$ ls -1 a.out gd.c GD.class gd.csv GD.java gd.py Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public Templates Videos Weekdays godarda@gd:~$
Display the permissions of files/directories
godarda@gd:~$ ls -l total 72 -rwxr-xr-x 1 godarda godarda 13968 May 16 2019 a.out -rw-r--r-- 1 godarda godarda 90 Jun 13 11:17 gd.c -rw-rw-r-- 1 godarda godarda 411 Aug 28 14:42 GD.class -rw-rw-r-- 1 godarda godarda 404 Jul 19 11:48 gd.csv -rw-r--r-- 1 godarda godarda 179 Feb 24 2020 GD.java -rw-r--r-- 1 godarda godarda 1608 Aug 15 12:16 gd.py drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Apr 2 2019 Desktop drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Aug 28 17:08 Documents drwxr-xr-x 3 godarda godarda 4096 Jun 27 23:05 Downloads drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Jun 6 09:06 Music drwxr-xr-x 3 godarda godarda 4096 Aug 14 15:14 Pictures drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Apr 2 2019 Public drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Apr 2 2019 Templates drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Jun 4 20:38 Videos -rw-rw-r-- 1 godarda godarda 84 May 31 11:23 Weekdays
Display the inode (index number) of files/directories
godarda@gd:~$ ls -li total 72 3408466 -rwxr-xr-x 1 godarda godarda 13968 May 16 2019 a.out 3408372 -rw-r--r-- 1 godarda godarda 90 Jun 13 11:17 gd.c 3411453 -rw-rw-r-- 1 godarda godarda 411 Aug 28 14:42 GD.class 3412502 -rw-rw-r-- 1 godarda godarda 404 Jul 19 11:48 gd.csv 3413037 -rw-r--r-- 1 godarda godarda 179 Feb 24 2020 GD.java 3419358 -rw-r--r-- 1 godarda godarda 1608 Aug 15 12:16 gd.py 3407940 drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Apr 2 2019 Desktop 3407944 drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Aug 28 17:08 Documents 3407941 drwxr-xr-x 3 godarda godarda 4096 Jun 27 23:05 Downloads 3407945 drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Jun 6 09:06 Music 3407946 drwxr-xr-x 3 godarda godarda 4096 Aug 14 15:14 Pictures 3407943 drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Apr 2 2019 Public 3407942 drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Apr 2 2019 Templates 3407947 drwxr-xr-x 2 godarda godarda 4096 Jun 4 20:38 Videos 3408355 -rw-rw-r-- 1 godarda godarda 84 May 31 11:23 Weekdays godarda@gd:~$ ls -i 3408466 a.out 3413037 GD.java 3407941 Downloads 3407942 Templates 3408372 gd.c 3419358 gd.py 3407945 Music 3407947 Videos 3411453 GD.class 3407940 Desktop 3407946 Pictures 3408355 Weekdays 3412502 gd.csv 3407944 Documents 3407943 Public
Explore the ls command with man page(s)
godarda@gd:~$ man ls
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is speci‐
fied.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.
-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
--author
with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape
print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE
with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them; e.g.,
'--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries ending with ~
...
Explore the ls command with info page(s)
godarda@gd:~$ info ls Next: dir invocation, Up: Directory listing 10.1 ‘ls’: List directory contents ================================== The ‘ls’ program lists information about files (of any type, including directories). Options and file arguments can be intermixed arbitrarily, as usual. For non-option command-line arguments that are directories, by default ‘ls’ lists the contents of directories, not recursively, and omitting files with names beginning with ‘.’. For other non-option arguments, by default ‘ls’ lists just the file name. If no non-option argument is specified, ‘ls’ operates on the current directory, acting as if it had been invoked with a single argument of ‘.’. ...
Explore the ls command with help option(s)
godarda@gd:~$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
...
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